-合同订立机构可能推翻合同条款
　　-法律对PPP操作者实施保护
　　-影响PPP安排的其他民法规定

　　影响PPP安排的其他民法规定

　　—合同规定的罚款

　　当存在合同义务要求操作机构因过错而必须缴纳罚款，且罚款额由合同固定时，根据法国法律，法官可以判决，减少或者增加罚款数额（只要不被减少到低于实际损失金额）。同样的概念存在于例如马里、突尼斯和阿尔及利亚等国家的法律中。

　　—总税返还条款

　　根据法国税则（第1678章第四节），对产生的利润进行扣税的补偿有一个相关的总税返还条款，法国税务机关并不将该条款适用于债务人是法国企业时。

　　—破产

　　在（英美法系）习惯法司法中，强调当企业陷入财务危机时，企业将寻求破产重组而不是清算，把企业视作一个进行中的考量物（例如美国破产法第11章，英国行政法）。在（大陆法系）民法司法中，程序的焦点在于清算（虽然一些国家的破产法做了一些改革，现在已经允许债务人在清偿债务之前进行破产重组，例如法国和非洲商法协调组织OHADA国家）。

　　—财务援助原则（欧盟），“公司利益”原则（法国）

　　这些法律原则禁止或严格限制目标公司及其子公司做出与目标公司的股份收购有关的保证或保险—尤其是和PPP项目有关的，涉及私人公司持有公共事业（合股）的股份以及/或者私有化。其他民法系统国家例如非洲商法协调组织国家（非洲统一商法第639章与商业公司有关条款）、阿尔及利亚（商业条例第715章第60段）等国家有类似规定。

　　—担保权益和企业联合贷款

　　习惯法体系在各种类型的资产担保授予方面有较大的灵活性—PPP安排的一个重要特点就是涉及很多诸如BOT之类的商业基金。他们也有信托的概念，信托公司可以持有担保物权，使处于企业联合贷款地位的借贷人不需要以新借贷人的名义进行正式转让或重新注册其担保权益。

　　而民法体系则没有这类概念，担保物权通常需要以新借贷人的名义进行重新注册（包括额外的注册成本和公证费用）。法国正在进行引入信托法的程序，可以解决大量的类似问题。然而，在非洲商法协调组织国家，规范化的担保权益需要包括公正在内的一系列备案程序。

　　[1]世界银行工具包（2006）—水务领域私营企业参与方法，IFC关于民法国家和习惯法国家简要差异报告—法国基德律师事务所2007年。

附原文：
http://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/


　　Key Issues in Civil Law Systems That May Impact PPP Projects

　　Rights of contracting authority that may override contractual provisions
　　Protections of operator implied by law
　　Other Civil Law rules that can impact PPP arrangements

（continued）
　　Other Civil Law rules that can impact PPP arrangements

　　Contractual penalties

　　where there is a contractual commitment on the Operator to pay a penalty in the case of default and the amount is fixed by contract, under French law a judge may reduce or increase the amount of penalties (as long as it is not reduced below the actual damage suffered). Similar concepts exist in Mali, Tunisia and Algeria, for example.

　　Gross-up clauses

　　under the French tax code (article 1678 quarter) gross-up clauses related to indemnification of withholding taxes on interest are not to be binding on French tax administration when the debtor is a French entity.

　　Bankruptcy

　　in Common law jurisdictions, such as England and the US, the emphasis when a business gets into financial trouble is on seeking a reorganization rather than a liquidation to keep the business as a going concern (eg US, Chapter 11, UK administration). In Civil law jurisdictions the process focuses on liquidation (although reform of some bankruptcy laws such as France and OHADA countries is now permitting reorganizations of debtors before they become insolvent).

　　Financial Assistance(European doctrine), “Corporate Benefit ” (French doctrine)

　　these doctrines prohibit or severely restrict a target company and its subsidiaries from giving guarantees (up-stream and cross-stream) or security in connection with the acquisition of the target company’s shares – of particular relevance to PPPs involving private sector taking a stake in a utility (joint venture) and/ or privatizations. Other civil law countries such as the OHADA countries (Article 639 of Uniform Act related to commercial companies) and Algeria (Article 715 bis 60 of Commercial Code) have similar concepts.

　　Security interests and syndicated loans

　　Common law systems have greater flexibility in granting different types of security over assets - an important feature of PPP arrangements involving commercial funding such as BOTs. They also have the concept of trusts, which enable security interests to be held by a trustee for lenders in a syndicated loan situation without the need for formal transfer or re-registering of security interests in names of new lenders. Civil law does not have such a concept and so security interests generally required to be re-registered in the name of the new lender (involving additional registration costs and notarial fees). France is in the process of introducing a trust law which will resolve a number of these issues. In OHADA countries, however, filings involving public notary are required for formalizing security interests.

　　[1]World Bank Toolkit (2006) - Approaches to Private Participation in Water Services, presentation to IFC on Some Differences between Civil Law and Common Law in a "nutshell" - Gide Loyrette Nouel 2007

　　Last Updated : Tue,2016-11-08